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Gallia Belgica
Gallia Belgica (Belgic Gaul) was a province of the Roman empire located in Belgium, present-day northern France, Luxembourg, part of the present-day Netherlands below the Rhine, and the German Rhineland. It was originally composed of the lands of the alliance of the Belgae who had fought against Julius Caesar, plus the lands of their southeastern neighbours the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci. The southern border of Belgica, formed by the Marne and Seine rivers, was reported by Caesar as the original cultural boundary between the Belgae and the Gauls who he distinguished as Celts.〔"''Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana diuidit.''", ''Commentarii de Bello Gallico''〕
The province was first increased and later decreased in size over time. It must have originally bordered upon the Rhine, which is how Pliny the Elder describes it, but this area was colonized by Roman military colonies and in-coming German tribes from east of the Rhine, which quickly developed their own frontier-based administration. Much later, the territory was reduced when the emperor Diocletian, brought the northeastern Civitas Tungrorum into Germania Inferior, joining the Rhineland colonies, and the remaining part of Gallia Belgica was divided into Belgica Prima in the eastern area of the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci (which had not originally been Belgic), around Luxembourg and the Ardennes, and Belgica Secunda between the English channel and the upper River Meuse. The capital of Belgica Prima, Trier, became an important late Roman capital.〔(Gallia Belgica - Edith Mary Wightman - Google Boeken ). Books.google.be. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.〕
==Roman conquest==
(詳細はBelgae. This definition became the basis of the later Roman province of Belgica. Caesar said that the Belgae were separated from the Celtic Gauls to their south by "language, custom and laws" (''lingua, institutis, legibus'') but he did not go into detail, except to mention that he learnt from his contacts that the Belgae had some ancestry from east of the Rhine, which he referred to as Germania. Indeed, the Belgian tribes closest to the Rhine he distinguished as the Germani cisrhenani. (Strabo stated that the differences between the Celts and Belgae, in language, politics and way of life was a small one.〔(Geography 4.1 )〕) Modern historians interpret Caesar and the archaeological evidence as indicating that the core of the Belgian alliance was in present-day northernmost corner of France, the Suessiones, Viromandui and Ambiani as well perhaps as some of their neighbours, who lived in the area Caesar identified as Belgium or Belgica. These were the leaders of the initial military alliance he confronted, and they were also more economically advanced (and therefore less "Germanic" according to Caesar's way of seeing things) than many of their more northerly allies such as the Nervii and Germani Cisrhenani.〔 page 12-14.〕
Apart from the southern Remi, all the Belgic tribes allied against the Romans, angry at the Roman decision to garrison legions in their territory during the winter. At the beginning of the conflict, Caesar reported the allies' combined strength at 288,000, led by the Suessione king, Galba.〔Gaius Julius Caesar. ''The Conquest of Gaul''. Trans. S.A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), pp. 59-60.〕 Due to the Belgic coalition's size and reputation for uncommon bravery, Caesar avoided meeting the combined forces of the tribes in battle. Instead, he used cavalry to skirmish with smaller contingents of tribesmen. Only when Caesar managed to isolate one of the tribes did he risk conventional battle. The tribes fell in a piecemeal fashion and Caesar claimed to offer lenient terms to the defeated, including Roman protection from the threat of surrounding tribes.〔Gaius Julius Caesar. ''The Conquest of Gaul''. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982); pp. 59, 70, 72.〕 Most tribes agreed to the conditions. A series of uprisings followed the 57 BC conquest. The largest revolt was led by the Bellovaci in 52 BC, after the defeat of Vercingetorix. During this rebellion, it was the Belgae who avoided direct conflict. They harassed the Roman legions, led personally by Caesar, with cavalry detachments and archers. The rebellion was put down after a Bellovaci ambush of the Romans failed. The revolting party was slaughtered.
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